Write your name and SSN on the answer sheets. Make sure that your SSN is correct. Mark the bubble granting me permission to post your grade ó otherwise, your grade will not appear on the wall outside AK120.

Read questions and answers carefully. Using a #2 pencil, fill in the little bubble on the answer key. You may keep these questions for future entertainment. I do, however, need your card and answer to the bonus questions. Correct answers will be posted outside of AK120 after this exam. If you have questions about the correct answers, contact me no later than on Wednesday, Dec. 13.

The scores for this, the two previous exams, and the lab quizzes will appear outside AK120 on Thursday Dec. 14.

MULTIPLE CHOICES (3 pts each)

1. You have decided to dedicate your professional life to the wonderful science of fungal taxonomy. You decide to describe a new species. You will have to

1. obtain collections of individuals of the new, putative species
2. be able to provide a description in Latin; all new species are described in Latin
3. select a type specimen, record its characteristics, and deposit a collection in a herbarium.
4. publish a brief article in scientific journal in which you argue why your collections are to be recognized as a new species.
5. do all of the above.

1. one
2. two
3. three
4. four
5. None, I obtain my kingdoms through marriage like other princes and princesses do.

a) one

b) two

c) two sperm cells and a tube cell nucleus

d) it is hard to say because angiosperms have a free state nucleus

e) None of the above is correct because the egg engulfs the sperm cells
 
 

4. Recently discovered fossils originating from the time when land flora most likely consisted of Bryophytes are very similar to modern day heterotrophic, mycorrhizal symbionts. This discovery suggests that

1. the plants may have been infected by pathogens
2. the fungi may have participated in the Bryophyte invasion of the terrestrial environment
3. algae and fungi formed mycorrhizal symbioses
4. fungi and Bryophytes formed lichen symbioses
5. lichen symbiosis emerged concurrently with the Bryophyte invasion of the terrestrial environment

1. woody plants use their excretory and circulatory systems to clean the wastes
2. vacuoles excrete the wastes
3. vacuoles are used as waste depository in living cells, heart wood can be used as a long term storage
4. phloem cells store the wastes
5. cork is the tissue that contains all the secondary metabolites

a) seeds are generally non-motile

b) all seeds contain endosperm for food supply

c) seed allow the embryo take a jump start and develop prior to germination

d) seed allow greater male and female gametophyte size

e) all of the above represent advantages of a seed

7. C3 and C4 plants differ in their photosynthesis. How?

1. C4 plants can perform the light dependent reactions at night
2. C4 plants can separate CO₂ fixation and Calvin cycle temporally or spatially
3. C3 plants perform the light independent reactions in the vascular bundles
4. C3 can continue Calvin cycle long after the stomata have closed
5. C4 plants require less energy for their carbon acquisition and are, therefore, more efficient

1. ribulose-biphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase primarily fixes oxygen from CO₂. Therefore, oxygen is released during non-cyclic photophosphorylation
2. ATP and NADPH are generated to be used elsewhere in the plant
3. Five carbon enzyme, Rubisco, fixes a CO₂ molecule forming a stable six carbon compound
4. using ATP and NADPH from light dependent reactions, CO₂ is incorporated into precursors for glucose and other carbohydrates
5. all processes described above will occur

9. Kingdom Fungi is currently placed as a sister clade to Kingdom Animalia, indicating that Fungi share more recent ancestry with Animalia than with Plantae. The lines of evidence that support this placement areÖ

1. several fungi flagellated; flagella do no occur in Kingdom Plantae
2. main storage compound in fungi is glycogen; glycogen is also the storage compound in animals, but not plants.
3. human skeleton and fungal cell walls are mainly composed of chitin. Therefore, fungi are closely related to animals.
4. This is a trick question. Fungi are frequently grouped among plants and studied by botanists. As evidenced by lichens, some fungi are autotrophic.
5. Fungi and animals frequently form close associations, symbioses. Therefore, animals and fungi are considered sister groups.

three's the magic rule

biology ó very cool

a) Means that monocot flower parts are in replicates of three

2. Means that monocot cotyledons are present in threes
3. Means that monocot leaf venation is multiples of three
4. Means that monocot secondary growth is produced by three vascular cambia
5. All of the above.

1. the lignified support system that enabled plants to elevate the photosynthetic organs higher
2. the conducting system that enabled greater separation of the absorbing tissues and the photosynthetic tissues
3. the conducting system that allowed greater variety of life forms
4. the conducting system that allowed transport of the photosynthates to the absorbing tissues
5. all of the above

1. for example that the fern sporophyte is first nutritionally dependent on gametophyte but independent later in life
2. haploid and diploid stages alternate
3. that large plants produce smaller propagules for reproduction, e.g., trees produce seed
4. that offspring follows preceding adult generation
5. all of the above

a) the haploid generation of seedless vascular plants needs water for dispersal

b) in gymnosperms there are no separate male and female structures

c) only gymnosperms possess cuticles

d) seedless vascular plants lack stomata

e) the gymnosperm sperm is delivered to the egg without exposure to the hostile environmental conditions
 
 

14. Welwitschia mirabilis is an interesting gymnosperm becauseÖ

a) it has functional bisporangiate strobili homologous to Angiosperm flowers

b) its resins are used to flavor wine in Europe

c) it is among the most important species for paper and pulp industry

d) its fertilization is somewhat similar to that observed in Angiosperms

e) as its name indicates, compounds extracted from its leaves can result in miraculous healing of wounds

15. A single seed may contain more than one generation.

a) This is what we call alteration of generations.

b) This is a result of different seed components originating at different times and from different genetic material.

c) This is a result of single seed, as a rule, having more than one embryo.

d) This is a result of hybridization.

e) Aliens frequently implant several generations to a single seed to confuse botanists.

16. Casparian stripÖ

a) is the sequence of chemical reactions in photophosphorylation

b) forces solutes from the space between cells into the space within cells

c) is involved in photosynthate transportation

d) is the outmost layer of the bark

e) initiates root growth

17. Leaves fall off the treesÖ

a) as a result of hormonal control by abscissic acid

b) because secondary growth cuts off the water and nutrient supply to the leaves

c) because environmental stimuli launch a cascade of hormonal events

d) because apical dominance results in shading of older leaves

e) is misleading because the conifer leaves do not fall off.

18. Phytochrome is a clever pigment becauseÖ

1. phytochrome deposition in the roots control gravitropism
2. its sensitivity to light explains phototropism
3. its sensitivity to different wave lengths of light makes sunflowersí heads turn
4. its sensitivity to different wave lengths of light allows plants to estimate day lengths
5. its sensitivity to red light enables red algae to photosynthesize in greater water depths

1. is a result of CO₂ enrichment and its direct effects on global climate
2. is defined as antropogenically caused warming of the global climate
3. means loss of species from the local and global species pools
4. is a multifaceted term for various changes on global scale including those defined elsewhere in this question
5. means human impacts on biogeochemical cycles

20. Rivet hypothesis for biodiversity-ecosystem function association impliesÖ

a) an ecosystem may have redundant species at any given time

2. some, sometimes many, species can be lost from an ecosystem without its functions being altered
3. loss of just one, "keystone", species may result in drastic change in ecosystemís function
4. loss of one species may have unpredictable effects on ecosystems function
5. all of the above are parts of the rivet hypothesis. In other words, loss of species may alter ecosystem function but it is not known a priori how many and which species can be lost.

TRUE AND FALSE (2 pts each)

21. Ascomycete is a trick performed

by acrobats in a circus. TRUE FALSE

22. Root cap inhibits root elongation TRUE FALSE

23. Tambalacoque seed

unscarified, dodoís fate

- neither procreate TRUE FALSE

24. Ferns produce their spores in sori, the spores are

released through small openings called micropyles TRUE FALSE

25. Pollen is the meiotic product of megasporocytes TRUE FALSE

26. All gymnosperms are trees TRUE FALSE

27. In gymnosperms, the tube cell nucleus fertilizes

one the megaspore nuclei TRUE FALSE

28. Karyogamy means fusion of nuclei,

an event that occurs at fertilization. TRUE FALSE

29. Result of fertilization is a diploid cell.

This cell is also known as zygote. TRUE FALSE

30. Double fertilization in plants results

in identical twins. TRUE FALSE

31. Synergids fuse with the polar nuclei and

form the endosperm. TRUE FALSE

32. Meiotic divisions in the megaspore mother

cell result in 4 nuclei each of which will

develop into a megagametophyte TRUE FALSE

33. Gametes in gymnosperms and angiosperms

are produced mitotically TRUE FALSE

34. C4 plants do not photorespire because they do

not use Calvin cycle for CO₂ incorporation. TRUE FALSE

35. Secondary growth only explains diameter increase,

length increase is produced by primary growth. TRUE FALSE

36. Hormones control expression of many genes. TRUE FALSE

37. Closing of stomata is hormonally controlled. TRUE FALSE

38. Human nitrogen inputs (including fertilization,

land transformation, crop selection and fossil fuel)

equal or exceed naturally occurring N-fixation. TRUE FALSE

39. According to some estimates, as many as six species

may go extinct during this two-hour-long exam. TRUE FALSE

40. Total number of species in the global species pool

may be up to 100 times greater than the number

of species currently known. TRUE FALSE

HAPPY HOLIDAYS!!