McCulloh-h101 HISTORY 101 Western Civilization: The Rise of Europe John M. McCulloh LECTURE OUTLINE AND STUDY QUESTIONS =========================================
PART I: ANTIQUITY
PRE-CLASSICAL GREECE
I. Pre-classical cultures A. Minoan (c. 3000-1500 B.C.) *Minos *Crete *Aegean B. Mycenaean (c. 1600-1100 B.C.) *Mycenae *Troy *Homer, Iliad C. Dark Age (c. 1100-800 B.C.) *Dorians II. The transition A. Rise of the city-state (polis) B. Broadening of the political base *monarchy *aristocracy *oligarchy *phalanx *hoplite *tyranny, tyrant *democracyCLASSICAL ATHENS
I. Constitution *Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.) *Pericles A. Legislative functions *Assembly *Council of Five Hundred (Boule) B. Executive functions *magistrates C. Judicial functions * ostracism II. Empire * Persian Wars (490-c. 460 B.C.) * Marathon * Sparta * Delian League (478/477 Delos)SPARTA
I. Background * helots * Messenia II. Constitution A. Kings * divination B. Ephors C. Council of Elders D. Assembly III. Society A. Individual and state B. Economic restrictions IV. Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.) A. Background B. ResultsGREEK LITERATURE AND CULTURE
I. Epic: Homer (8th century B.C.?), Iliad * Agamemnon, king of Mycenae * Paris * Priam, king of Troy * Menelaus, king of Sparta * Achilles * soothsayer * Hector * Patroclus II. Tragedy: Sophocles (496-406 B.C.), Oedipus the King * Laius, king of Thebes * oracle * Jocasta * Corinth * Polybus, king of Corinth * sphinx * Delphi * Creon * seer * hubrisGREEK PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE
I. Science, definition II. Scientists * Thales of Miletus (early 6th century B.C.) * Pythagoras (c. 530 B.C.) * Democritus (c. 425 B.C.) III. Sophists IV. Socrates (c. 470-399 B.C.) V. Plato (427-347 B.C.) A. Forms/ideas B. Political thought (The Republic) * shadows:objects::objects:forms/ideas VI. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) A. Matter and form B. Political thought (Politics) * kingship........tyranny * aristocracy...........oligarchy * polity...............democracyALEXANDER AND THE HELLENISTIC AGE
I. Rise of Macedonia * Philip II * League of Corinth (338 B.C.) II. Alexander the Great (336-323 B.C.) A. Conquests * Gordium/Gordian * Darius, king of Persia B. Difficulties 1. Length of campaign 2. Personality changes C. Assessment 1. Alexander's goals 2. Political failure 3. Cultural success III. Hellenistic civilization A. Cities B. States C. Achievements 1. Alexandria 2. Science * Euclid *Archimedes *Ptolemy D. Assessment 1. Positive 2. NegativeROME: POLITICAL HISTORY
I. The Republic (509-133 B.C.) A. Constitution 1. Early Republic a. Magistrates * consuls * praetors * quaestors * collegiality * dictator b. Senate c. Assembly 2. Struggle of the Orders (5th and 4th centuries B.C.) a. Orders * patrician * plebian b. Achievements * Law of the Twelve Tables (c. 450 B.C.) * Plebian Assembly * Tribunes of the People 3. Effects B. Expansion * Carthage * Punic Wars (3rd century B.C.) * Hannibal II. Roman Revolution (133-31 B.C) A. Determining factors 1. Unequal distribution of wealth 2. Nature of empire 3. Size of empire B. People and events * Tiberius Gracchus (+133 B.C.) * Gaius Gracchus (+121 B.C.) * Gaius Marius (+86 B.C.) *Sulla (+78 B.C.) *First Triumvirate (60 B.C.) * Pompey *Crassus *Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.) *Octavian III. Founding of empire: Reign of Augustus (31 B.C.-14 A.D.) A. Rise to power B. Forms of authority 1. Augustus as consul 2. Assembling powers * tribune * consul * censor * pontifex maximus C. Reasons for Augustus's success * dignitas * pietas ROMAN EDUCATION AND THOUGHT I. Education (liberal arts) A. Literary: grammar, rhetoric, dialectic B. Mathematical: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music II. Thought A. Philosophy 1. Epicurianism 2. Stoicism B. Roman law 1. Two branches a. Public b. Private 2. Basis of distinction * paterfamilias 3. Legal developments * Law of the Twelve Tables (c. 450 B.C.) * law of nations * natural law RISE OF CHRISTIANITY I. Non-Christian religions A. "Official" Roman religion B. Philosophy 1. Stoicism 2. Neoplatonism C. Judaism * monotheistic D. Mystery religions 1. Common features 2. Magna Mater * Attis * taurobolium 3. Isis 4. Mithraism II. Christianity A. Origins 1. Jesus 2. Paul B. Advantages C. Persecutions * Diocletian D. Success * Constantine ESSAY QUESTIONS FOR FIRST EXAMINATION The essay portion of the exam will be drawn from the questions listed below. Five of these questions will be on the exam, and you will have to answer three. You will have to answer at least one question based specifically on Oglivie's book. You must write your essays in an examination book in ink. Do not write on loose sheets, and do not write with pencil. 1. Describe the democratic constitution of Athens in the age of Pericles. 2. Describe the Spartan constitution. 3. Explain the historical significance of the fact that the earliest Greek philosophers sought to explain the physical universe. 4. How does Plato's "Myth of the Cave" illustrate his belief in forms or ideas? 5. What characteristics distinguish the Hellenistic period from its Hellenic past? 6. Perry entitles his third chapter "The Greeks: From Myth to Reason." Explain the significance of this title. 7. Describe the constitution of the Roman Republic around 133 B.C. 8. How did Augustus establish one-man rule? 9. Describe the significance of Stoicism for the Romans. 10. Describe the general characteristics of the gods of the ancient Greeks and Romans. 11. What was the appeal of early Christianity? 12. Describe the thesis (i.e. the theme or central argument) of Oglivie's The Romans and Their Gods in the Age of Augustus and explain how he develops this thesis. 13. Based on the information Oglivie provides, describe the role of religion in the Roman state. 14. According to Oglivie, what did the Romans believe to be the role of the gods in the world and how could human beings influence the gods? 15. Using information from Oglivie's book, describe the Roman practice of divination, giving examples of several types, and explain its importance in the Roman religion. +++++++++++++ PART II THE MIDDLE AGES END OF ANTIQUITY/BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES * Byzantine Empire * Constantinople * Islam I. Theories about the fall of Rome II. Germanic invasions/migrations A. Long-range cause B. Immediate cause * Huns C. Results * Visigoths * Vandals * Anglo-Saxons * Franks * Burgundians * Ostrogoths III. Christian church GERMANIC SOCIETY I. Beowulf (8th century?) * Geats * Hrothgar, king of the Danes * Grendel * Wiglaf II. Bonds of society A. Lordship 1. Virtues * loyalty * courage * liberality 2. Vices * Heremod B. Kinship C. The necessity of social bonds III. The blood feud A. Vengeance B. Compensation CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE (c. 750-840) I. Nature of the empire A. Geographically * Charlemagne (768-814) B. Culturally 1. Pre-Carolingian period * Gaul * Clovis (+511) a. Roman b. Christian c. Germanic 2. Carolingian period a. Germanic (Carolingian family) b. Christian (renewal from England and the papacy) c. Roman (learning and political ideas from England and the papacy) * Byzantium * Lombards II. Carolingian achievements and limitations A. Political B. Religious C. Intellectual MANORIALISM AND FEUDALISM I. Sources of confusion II. Manorialism A. Not a system of farming B. A response to economic conditions C. Forms of rent 1. Cash 2. Produce (kind) 3. Labor D. Other income E. Status of peasants III. Feudalism A. Personal element: vassalage B. Proprietary element: fief C. Governmental element: private jurisdiction GERMANY: CONFLICT OF CHURCH AND STATE (PAPACY AND EMPIRE) I. Interpenetration of church and state A. Emperor's dependence on the church * secular B. Emperor's control of the church * lay investiture II. The papal reform A. Beginnings of reform * simony * Henry III (1039-56) B. Henry IV (1056-1106) and Gregory VII (1073-85) III. Importance of conflict A. Challenge to existing order B. Long range effects 1. Relations between church and state 2. Papacy 3. Secular rulers MEDIEVAL THOUGHT (POST-CAROLINGIAN) I. Assimilation of ancient learning A. Quantitative improvement (9th-11th centuries) B. Qualitative improvement (11th-12th centuries) 1. Problem: contradictions * Augustine 2. Solution: logic * Bernard of Chartres C. Peter Abelard (1079-1142) 1. Educational "system" 2. Logic (Sic et non) II. New translations A. Challenge (Aristotle) B. Response (Thomas Aquinas 1225-74) III. Rise of universities A. Corporation (universitas) B. Curriculum C. Arts and theology FRANCIS OF ASSISI AND THE WORLD OF THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES * Franciscans = Friars Minor I. Francis's background and conversion II. Aspects of Francis's world A. Economic boom B. Power and influence of the church * Innocent III (1198-1216) C. Heresy * Manicheans 1. World is evil 2. Church is evil III. Francis's rejection of worldly values A. Poverty B. Humility and suffering C. Glorification of nature D. Obedience IV. Imitation of Christ A. General B. Stigmata C. Stages of medieval Christianity FEUDAL MONARCHY I. Basis of comparison/contrast A. Ideals of feudal government B. Relations with the church II. Feudal government in general III. John of England (1199-1216) A. Justice * relief * wardship * scutage B. Peace 1. External 2. Internal * Magna Carta (1215) C. Relations with church * Innocent III * Stephen Langton * interdict IV. Louis IX of France (1226-70) A. Justice B. Peace 1. External 2. Internal C. Relations with church ESSAY QUESTIONS FOR SECOND EXAMINATION The essay portion of the exam will be drawn from the questions listed below. Five of these questions will be on the exam, and you will have to answer three. You will have to answer at least one question based specifically on the Gieses' book. You must write your essays in an examination book in ink. Do not write on loose sheets, and do not write with pencil. 1. Explain the significance of the blood feud in Germanic society. 2. Explain the significance of the Carolingian Empire for the development of the medieval world. (Why might it be called the "seedbed" of medieval civilization?) 3. What was manorialism and how does it reflect the adaptation of agriculture to a particular set of economic conditions? 4. Describe the primary elements of feudalism. 5. Describe the ideals of feudal monarchy. 6. Explain the importance of the clergy in the government of the German empire before the conflict between Gregory VII and Henry IV. 7. Briefly describe the three main elements of economic expansion during the high Middle Ages. 8. In what ways does St. Francis represent a reaction against the world of his day? 9. Explain the reasons for Christian anti-Jewish feeling in the Middle Ages. 10. Why does Perry call the fourteenth century "an age of adversity"? 11. Compare and contrast the views of Thomas Aquinas and Willam of Ockham on the relationship of faith and reason. 12. What is the thesis of F. and J. Gies' Life in a Medieval Village, and how do they undertake to prove it? 13. The Gieses describe the agriculture of an open-field village as having two seemingly contradictory characteristics--individual holdings and communal decision making. Using the information they provide, briefly explain how this system worked. 14. Using the descriptions provided in the Gieses' book, explain the place of labor services in a thirteenth-century village. Who had to perform services for whom? What kind of work (what sort of tasks) was involved? 15. In the Gieses' view why did the openfield village decline after the thirteenth century? + + + + + + + + + + + + + PART III RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE RENAISSANCE I. Economic decline of the 14th century A. Explanations B. Growing social rigidity * craft mode of production * capitalist mode of production 1. Capitalist developments in guilds * apprentice * journeyman 2. Capitalist developments in trade * putting-out system II. Italian economic dominance A. Trade B. Banking * usury III. Changing attitudes A. Toward usury B. Toward wealth * Leonardo Bruni * laicization RENAISSANCE CITY-STATES I. Rise of city-states A. Ancient background B. Medieval influences 1. Imperial 2. Economic II. Politics of the 12th and 13th centuries A. Urban self-government B. Strife III. Politics of the 14th century A. Rise of despots: general B. Rise of despots: the Visconti of Milan 1. 1150-1250 * commune 2. 1250-1350 * Captain of the People * Imperial Vicar of Lombardy 3. 1350-1450 * duchy HUMANISM: OLD AND NEW IN RENAISSANCE THOUGHT AND EDUCATION I. Contrast of scholasticism and humanism A. Materials B. Approach C. Emphasis on man D. Method E. Attitude II. The popularity of humanism in Italy A. National self-consciousness B. Italian affinity for Antiquity C. Psychological need: concern for virtue III. Intellectual continuity with past A. Gradual secularization 1. Educational institutions 2. Subject matter B. Reliance on the past THE RENAISSANCE I. Characteristics of the period A. Economic B. Political C. Intellectual II. Humanism: the essence of the Renaissance A. Humanistic attitudes 1. Belief in human potential * Pico della Mirandola (+1494), Oration on the Dignity of Man 2. Belief in the value of education * Fran‡ois Rabelais (1494-1553), Gargantua and Pantegruel B. Two humanists 1. Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) * Medici * Discourses on Livy * The Prince 2. Desiderius Erasmus (1466?-1536) * Brethren of the Common Life * Praise of Folly * Colloquies THE PRE-REFORMATION CHURCH I. Avignon papacy (1305-1378) A. Beginnings B. Policies 1. Claims to temporal superiority 2. Increased centralization 3. Increased revenues * provision * pluralism * absenteeism * indulgences * purgatory * penance II. Great Schism (1378-1417) III. Conciliar period (1409-1447) A. Council of Constance 1. Schism 2. Reform 3. Heresy * John Hus (1370-1415) B. Conciliar struggle IV. Renaissance papacy (1447-1517) A. Consolidation of the Papal State * Alexander VI (1492-1503) * Julius II (1503-13) B. Search for prestige MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) AND THE REFORMATION I. Luther's background II. Development of his theology A. His theses (1517) and their consequences B. The source of Christian truth III. Doctrines of salvation A. Terminology * justification: acceptability to God as being worthy of salvation * righteousness: the quality that justifies a person * grace: a free gift from God that makes one righteous B. Catholic doctrine * baptism, confirmation, eucharist, penance, extreme unction, matrimony, ordination * purgatory C. Lutheran doctrine IV. Sacraments and the spectrum of Christian belief A. Eucharist/Lord's Supper 1. Catholic (transubstantiation) 2. Lutheran (consubstantiation) 3. More radical views * Ulrich Zwingli B. Baptism and the definition of the church 1. Majority view 2. Anabaptist view V. Anabaptists A. "Typical" B. Ultra-radical * millenarian * apocalyptic * Muenster (1534-5) JOHN CALVIN (1509-64) * Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536-59) I. Systematization of Protestantism A. Views of God and man B. Predestination C. Role of works II. Internationalization of Protestantism A. Organization of the church B. Relationship of church and state THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION AND COUNTER-REFORMATION I. Catholic Reformation II. Counter-Reformation A. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) and the Society of Jesus B. Council of Trent (1545-63) POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY I. Luther's Germany A. Economic importance * Fugger B. Political weakness II. Effects of Luther's ideas A. Among the peasants 1. The Peasants' Revolt/War (1524-26) 2. Luther's reaction B. Among the townspeople * Augsburg C. Among the princes 1. Advantages of Lutheranism 2. Risks of Lutheranism III. Political conflict and accommodation * Religious Peace of Augsburg (1555) ESSAY QUESTIONS FOR THIRD EXAMINATION The essay portion of the exam will be drawn from the questions listed below. Five of these questions will be on the exam, and you will have to answer three. You will have to answer at least one question based specifically on Bainton's book. You must write your essays in an examination book in ink. Do not write on loose sheets, and do not write with pencil. 1. Explain the theoretical difference between the craft mode of production and the capitalist mode of production. 2. Describe the workings of the "putting-out" system of production. 3. Describe the stages of the rise of the Visconti family as despots in Milan. 4. Describe the differences between scholasticism and humanism. 5. Explain the popularity of humanism in Italy. 6. What characteristics of Machiavelli's Prince are typical of Renaissance humanist writings? What characteristics are not typical? 7. What was an indulgence, and how did it work? 8. What was the Great Schism, how did it come into being, and how was it resolved? 9. Explain Luther's doctrine of justification by faith. 10. Compare and contrast the Catholic, Lutheran, and Zwinglian explanations of the Eucharist/Lord's Supper. 11. Why were the Anabaptists, who were with few exceptions pacifists, so relentlessly persecuted? 12. What is the difference between the "Catholic Reformation" and the "Counter-Reformation"? 13. Explain and cite examples to illustrate what Bainton means when he says of Martin Luther, "Not the abuses of medieval Catholicism, but Catholicism itself as an abuse of the Gospel was the object of his onslaught." 14. According to Bainton, how did Lutherans, Zwinglians, Anabaptists, and Calvinists differ in their views regarding baptism? 15. Using the English church as an example, explain what Bainton means when he speaks of a policy of "comprehension." 16. Explain and offer examples to illustrate what Bainton means when he speaks of "territorial division" as one solution to the problems raised by the existence of several Christian churches. +++++++++++++ PART IV: THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD OLD AND NEW IN EARLY MODERN MONARCHIES I. The old: Charles V (1519-1556) A. Charles's empire * Ferdinand, king of Aragon * Isabella, queen of Castile * Burgundy * Habsburg B. Charles's problems II. "New monarchies" A. Position of the king (in contrast to feudal monarchy) B. Limits to royal power 1. Administrative 2. Financial DISCOVERIES AND OVERSEAS EMPIRES (15th to 17th century) I. Motives for expansion A. Personal B. Religious * reconquista * Granada (1492) C. Economic II. Discoveries A. Portuguese * Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) * Bartholomew Dias * Vasco da Gama B. Spanish * Christopher Columbus (1441-1506) III. Creation of empires A. Portuguese B. Spanish C. Reasons for differences IV. Northern European participation A. Piracy B. Alternative routes C. North American empires V. Colonies and monarchy EARLY MODERN ECONOMICS (ca. 1500-1700) I. New types of organization A. Joint-stock companies * British East India Co. (1600) B. Banking and exchange institutions * Bank of Amsterdam (1609) * Antwerp II. New commodities III. The price revolution A. Causes and effects B. Social consequences 1. Spain (Mesta) 2. England (enclosure) IV. Mercantilism A. General B. Spanish ("bullionism") C. English ERA OF SPANISH HEGEMONY: REIGN OF PHILIP II (1556-1598) I. Philip's empire and policies * San Lorenzo de Escorial II. Individual policies A. Unification and integration 1. Political 2. Religious * Moriscos B. Opposition to Turks * Lepanto (1571) C. Opposition to Protestantism in North 1.France 2. Netherlands 3. England III. Reasons for failure CATHOLICS AND CALVINISTS IN THE 16TH CENTURY I. Revolt of the Netherlands A. The territory * Estates General B. Philip II's problems C. Philip's government and conflict with the Dutch * William of Orange * stadholder * Duke of Alva D. Groupings in the conflict E. The final division * Prince of Parma * United Provinces (1581) II. French Wars of Religion A. Political and religious divisions * Huguenots * Francis II (1559-60) * Charles IX (1560-74) * Henry III (1574-89) * Catherine de Medici * Guise * Admiral de Coligny * Henry Bourbon, king of Navarre (Henry IV, 1589-1610) B. Shifting royal policy * St. Bartholomew's Day (August 24, 1572) C. The politiques 1. War of the Three Henries 2. Henry of Navarre * Edict of Nantes (1598) III. Conclusions THIRTY YEARS' WAR (1618-1648) I. The conflicts involved A. Religious * Peace of Augsburg (1555) B. Dynastic C. Constitutional D. Territorial II. The war A. German phase (1618-1635) * defenestration of Prague * Ferdinand II * Bohemia * Edict of Restitution (1629) * Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden (+1632) B. European phase (1635-1648) * Peace of Westphalia (1648) III. The outcome A. Religious B. Dynastic C. Constitutional D. Territorial IV. Effects on Germany THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION I. Fundamental issues A. Sovereignty: king or Parliament B. Religion * Elisabeth I (1558-1603) II. Origins of the struggle * Stuart * James I (1603-25) * Charles I (1625-49) * Puritans * Long Parliament (1640-53, 1660) * Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) III. Calvinists in conflict * Presbyterian * Pride's Purge IV. Cromwell's rule A. "Agreement of the People" 1. Army's version (1647) 2. Revised version (1649) * Lord Protector B. "Instrument of Government" (1653) C. "Humble Petition and Advice" (1657) V. Aftermath * Glorious Revolution (1688) FRENCH MONARCHY (1589-1715) I. Henry IV (1589-1610) A. Nobles B. Religion * Edict of Nantes (1598) C. Finance 1. Government finance and agriculture * Sully 2. Commerce and industry II. Louis XIII (1610-1643) A. Louis's minority * Marie de Medici * Estates General B. Cardinal Richelieu 1. Nobles * intendants 2. Religion 3. Finance III. Louis XIV (1643-1715) * Mazarin A. Fronde 1. Parliamentary (1648-1649) * Parlement of Paris 2. Nobles'/princes' (1649-1653) B. Louis's rule 1. Finance * Colbert 2. Religion 3. Nobles * Versailles IV. England and France: constitutional vs. absolute monarchy THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION I. The medieval cosmology A. Sources and characteristic features 1. Ptolemy's astronomy * Ptolemaic * geocentric * epicycles 2. Aristotle's physics 3. Christian theology B. Additional, positive features II. Scientific Revolution A. Background B. Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) * heliocentric C. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) D. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) E. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) 1. Achievements in dynamics * inertia 2. Achievements in astronomy G. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) * Principia Mathematica (1687) III. Effects ESSAY QUESTIONS FOR FINAL EXAMINATION The essay portion of the first half of the final exam will be drawn from the questions listed below. Five of these questions will be on the exam, and you will have to answer three. You will have to answer at least one question based specifically on Cipolla's book. You must write your essays in an examination book in ink. Do not write on loose sheets, and do not write with pencil. 1. How did the ideas of royal power in the "new monarchies" of the 16th and 17th centuries differ from those in the feudal monarchies of the Middle Ages? 2. Why did the Europeans during the Age of Discovery seek new routes to the East? 3. How and why did the nature of the Portuguese empire in Asia differ from that of the Spanish empire in America? 4. Define mercantilism and give some examples of illustrate the variety of policies included in the term. 5. How did the policies of King Philip II of Spain contribute to the revolt of the Netherlands? 6. Why did the French Wars of Religion lead to a policy of religious toleration? 7. What was the "price revolution" of the 16th century, and why did it occur? 8. How was Copernicus's heliocentric theory of the universe in some ways simpler and in other ways more complex than the geocentric Ptolemaic cosmology? 9. Between 1640 and 1689 England experienced first a Puritan Revolution and then a "Glorious Revolution." What were the most important political (as opposed to religious) issues of these revolutions, and how were they resolved? 10 One element in the establishment of absolute monarchy in France between 1589 and 1715 was a reduction in the power of the nobility. How did the French rulers of this period accomplish this? 11. Using the information Cipolla provides describe the advantages and disadvantages of iron and bronze cannon in the early modern period. 12. What does Cipolla mean when he argues that the nations most successful in overseas expansion were those that first and most completely replaced human muscles with inanimate power? 13. Using the information Cipolla provides describe the role of the Dutch in the sale and manufacture of cannon in the seventeenth century. 14. Explain Cipolla's view that the culture of a people can limit their ability to make effective use of an imported technology.